Strengthens tooth enamel and inhibits caries processes; also accumulates in bone.
Switzerland age 18–65: 2.9 mg/day women, 3.4 mg/day men.
Drinking water depending on region, tea and seafood; the main topical source is fluoride toothpaste.
Low exposure increases caries susceptibility but is not a classic systemic deficiency disease.
Caries also depends on sugar frequency, oral hygiene, saliva and dental care.
Dental caries is multifactorial and does not prove fluoride deficiency.
No topical fluoride source and high caries risk.
Dental risk assessment rather than blood testing.
Use fluoride toothpaste according to age/dental guidance; systemic supplements only when targeted.
Excess during tooth development causes dental fluorosis; extremely high chronic exposure can harm bone.