Coenzyme in energy, fat and drug metabolism.
Switzerland age 18–65: 1.6 mg/day.
Dairy, eggs, meat, almonds, mushrooms, whole grains and fortified foods.
Cracked mouth corners, inflamed lips/tongue, skin changes and anaemia can occur.
Isolated deficiency is rare and often occurs with other nutrient deficiencies.
Mouth corners and tongue can offer clues but also change with iron, folate or B12 deficiency.
Very limited diets, vegan diets without fortified foods, malabsorption and alcohol dependence.
Assess diet and possible combined deficiencies.
Usually obtainable from food; supplement when intake or status is inadequate.
No known relevant food toxicity; bright-yellow urine after supplements is harmless.